We asked participants to choose between white and ethnic minority candidates โ the results were telling.
First published in February 2020.
Many people now accept that governments and parliaments should try to reflect the diversity of the people they seek to represent. But, in a democracy, voters play a role too. If they donโt support ethnic minority candidates and women, representation canโt happen.
So itโs important to find out whether some of the people who actually put a tick on the ballot paper are doing so with prejudice. When elections are competitive, even a small percentage of biased voters can make the difference โ or can dissuade party gate-keepers from allowing women and minority candidates to stand for election at all.
We investigated this issue using an experiment in which we randomly changed various things about hypothetical candidates โ such as their ethnicity, policies and gender โ and measured how that affected whether British people said they would vote for them or not.
We found that Pakistani candidates received fewer (hypothetical) votes purely on account of their ethnicity โ about six percentage points behind a white British candidate with otherwise identical characteristics and issue positions.
The hypothetical black Caribbean candidates received a more mixed response. Some voters were more inclined to support these candidates over a white British candidate. These were voters who were more positive about immigration and believed strongly in not acting in a prejudiced way.
However, other voters are disinclined to support a black Caribbean candidate. We found that a black Caribbean candidate would receive on average three points fewer than a white British candidate among people intending to vote Conservative in the 2017 general election.
In contrast, people intending to vote Labour did not distinguish between black Caribbean or white British candidates. That said, they were still four percentage points less likely to vote for a Pakistani candidate than either a black Caribbean or white British candidate.
Perhaps surprisingly, however, we didnโt find that women candidates faced a particular penalty โ even if they were from an ethnic minority. This suggests that any difficulty women face in becoming an MP isnโt at the ballot box, but somewhere else โ perhaps from the people choosing who is a candidate, or social media trolls.
Prejudice or policy preference?
These preferences may go beyond straightforward prejudices. The policies the candidates were putting forward seemed to matter more, at least when it came to matters of immigration and racism.
A candidate who said that the UK should accept more refugees into the country, for example, received 14 points fewer than a candidate who stood on a platform of promoting a policy of allowing high-skilled immigration in shortage sectors. Itโs worth noting here that this option, while suggesting restrictions on immigration, was not the most restrictive policy on offer by our hypothetical candidates. Candidates described as supporting โstrongly limiting migrationโ offered a more restrictive choice, which turned out to be less popular among our voters.

Voters also preferred candidates who wanted to enforce laws to tackle antisocial behaviour to those who would prioritise racial equality laws.
However, ethnic minority candidates took a greater hit for expressing pro-minority and pro-migration positions than their white counterparts. Supporting racial equality laws (instead of antisocial behaviour laws) cost white candidates only four points but Pakistani candidates seven points and black Caribbean candidates eight.
Turned off by diversity efforts
Parties have taken various approaches to increasing the diversity of MPs over the years. There have been all-women shortlists, lists of preferred candidates and mentoring schemes. But we found that voters didnโt seem to like it when candidates made their way onto the ballot via such schemes.
We described some candidates as having been โincluded on a list from underrepresented backgroundsโ and others as people who โjust got involved in their partyโ rather than benefiting from a diversity scheme. Voters preferred the latter type of candidate, regardless of their ethnicity.
The Westminster parliament currently has 65 ethnic minority MPs (from a total of 650), which is in line with the one in ten voters from an ethnic minority background. But it took a long time to get to this point and minorities remain underrepresented in other parliaments across Europe and North America. These findings suggest race does play a role in how voters think about candidates โ something we should all consider if we value equality in representation.๐ท

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[This piece was originally published in The Conversation and re-published in PMP Magazine on 19 February 2020, with the authorโs consent. | The author writes in a personal capacity.]
[Written by Nicole Martin, Lecturer in Politics, University of Manchester and Scott Blinder, Assistant professor, University of Massachusetts Amherst.]
